State Government Departments::
AP STATE ELECTION COMMISSION
AGRICULTURE AND CO-OPERATION DEPARTMENT
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY AND FISHERIES DEPARTMENT
BACKWARD CLASSES WELFARE DEPARTMENT
CONSUMER AFFAIRS, FOOD & CIVIL SUPPLIES DEPT.
ENERGY DEPARTMENT
ENVIRONMENT, FORESTS,SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPT
FINANCE DEPARTMENT
GENERAL ADMINISTRATION DEPARTMENT
HEALTH, MEDICAL AND FAMILY WELFARE DEPARTMENT
HIGHER EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
HOME DEPARTMENT
HOUSING DEPARTMENT
INDUSTRIES AND COMMERCE DEPARTMENT
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND COMMUNICATIONS DEPT
INFRASTRUCTURE & INVESTMENT DEPT
IRRIGATION AND COMMAND AREA DEVELOPMENT DEPT
IRRIGATION & C.A.D.(Projects Wing) DEPARTMENT
LABOUR, EMPLOYMENT TRAINING AND FACTORIES DEPT
LAW DEPARTMENT
LAW OFFICERS
MINORITIES WELFARE DEPARTMENT
MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION & URBAN DEVELOPMENT DEPT
PANCHAYAT RAJ AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
PLANNING DEPARTMENT
PUBLIC ENTERPRISES DEPARTMENT
REVENUE DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL EDUCATION DEPARTMENT (SSA Wing)
RAIN SHADOW AREAS DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
SOCIAL WELFARE DEPARTMENT
TRIBAL WELFARE DEPARTMENT
TRANSPORT, ROADS AND BUILDINGS DEPARTMENT
WOMEN DEVELOPMENT, CHILD WELFARE AND
DISABLED WELFARE DEPARTMENT
YOUTH ADVANCEMENT, TOURISM AND CULTURE DEPARTMENT
Saturday, August 31, 2013
Tuesday, August 27, 2013
Thursday, August 22, 2013
Current affairs - 2013 july ( one liners)
• The Person who succeeded Ranjan Mathai to be the next Foreign Secretary of India by Manmohan Singh- Sujata Singh • The vice chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia University who on 1 July 2013 appointed as the 20th Lt Governor of Delhi- Najeeb Jung • The Person who on 2 July 2013 has been appointed as Director General of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS)- Sunil Soni • The first ever Indian woman to receive Dubai Government's coveted Emirates Woman Award for business excellence in June 2013- Vandana Gandhi • The U.S. inventor who was known as the father of the computer mouse who died on 3 July 2013 at age of 88- Douglas Engelbart • The Egyptian Leader who sworn in as interim president of Egypt till the next elections takes place succeeding Mohamed Morsi, who was removed after a military coup- Adli Mansour • Renowned Madhubani painting artist who died at a private hospital in Ranti, near Madhubani on 4 July 2013- Mahasundari Devi • The former Secretary, Department of Telecommunications (DoT), who was appointed as the President of NASSCOM on 5 July 2013- R. Chandrasekhar • The Bollywood actress who on 6 July 2013 got the Best Actress award at 14th IIFA (International Indian Film Academy) awards 2013 held in Macau- Vidya Balan • Leading liberal opposition leader who on 6 July 2013 was named as Egypt's new Prime Minister- Mohamed ElBaradei • Senior parliamentarian who on 4 July 2013 was appointed as the new governor of Sikkim- Shriniwas Dadasaheb Patil • Former Delhi police Chief, who on 8 July 2013 took over as the new Governor of Meghalaya- KK Paul • An acknowledged food scientist and the former Director of the Central Food Technological Research Institute (CFTRI) who died on 9 July 2013- Dr. H.A.B. Parpia • The Person who on 8 July 2013 took over as the new Lieutenant Governor of Andaman and Nicobar Islands- Lt Gen (Retd) AK Singh • The Theme of world Population day observed across the World on 11 July 2013- Focus is on Adolescent Pregnancy • Indian Parsi conductor of western classical music who was selected to be honoured with Tagore Award 2013- Zubin Mehta • The legendary actor and the proud recipient of Dada Saheb Phalke Award and Padma Bhushan Award who died on 12 July 2013- Pran • The Person who on 16 July 2013 was appointed as the next Commissioner of Delhi Police and will be succeeding Neeraj Kumar- Bhim Sain Bassi • The Person who was administered the oath of the office of Chief Justice of India (CJI) by he President of India on 19 July 2013- Justice Palanisamy Sathasivam • The Chief Justice of India who on 18 July 2013 retired from the office after a short term of just nine months- Justice Altamas Kabir • The day which was observed as Nelson Mandela International Day to inspire people to be an agent of change- 18 July 2013 • 82 Years old Veteran Tamil film lyricist who died at a private hospital in Chennai on 18 July 2013- Vaali • An Indian-American woman was nominated for the Post of Assistant Secretary of State of USA- Nisha Desai Biswal • South Korean city which was named as the World Book Capital for the year 2015 as per UNESCO announcement- Incheon • Former Kuttanad MLA and Chairman of the Kerala State Farming Corporation, who died at a hospital in Kochi- Prof. Oommen Mathew • The Finance Minister of Jammu and Kashmir who on 21 July 2013 appointed as the new Chairman of GST Panel- Abdul Rahim Rather • The Chairman and CEO of Leo Burnett, India who was re-elected as the President of Advertising Agencies Association of India- Arvind Sharma • Renowned south India yesteryear actor, who died in Chennai at the age of 59 on 23 July 2013 followed a brief illness- Manjula Vijayakumar • The Duchess of Cambridge, who gave birth to a baby boy on 22 July 2013 at the London hospital- Kate Middleton • Indian American author who novel The Lowland has been listed among 13 novels longlisted for the Man Booker Prize 2013- Jhumpa Lahiri • The cousin of Rajiv Gandhi as well as the Minister for Internal Security during his government, who died in Gurgaon on 25 July 2013- Arun Nehru • The famous Indian Port which was conferred with the Major Port of the Year award for its excellent performance in the year 2012-13- Paradip Port • The Bollywood actor who held the Guinness World Record for being the most type-cast actor, died on 28 July 2013 at the age of 85 years- Jagdish Raj • Sarod maestro who was chosen for the 21st Rajiv Gandhi National Sadhbhavna Award- Amjad Ali Khan • The former Indian Test umpire who passed away on 29 July 2013 at a private hospital in Karnataka. He was 83 years of age- SN Hanumantha Rao
Source: jagranjosh.com
Tuesday, August 20, 2013
News Article: Regional launch of the 2013 Global Human Development Report:
India poised to be a Major Player in South-
South Trade, says Montek Ahluwalia, Deputy
Chairman, Planning Commission
New Delhi, 11 April 2013:
India’s leading role as an economic power among countries of the South was highlighted
today at the regional launch of the 2013 Global Human Development Report:
. The launch in New Delhi was organized by the International Centre for Human Development and
the United Nations Development Programme.
According to the Report, rapid human development progress in India and other South Asian nations is helping drive a
historic shift in global dynamics, with hundreds of millions of people rising from poverty and billions more poised to
join a new global middle class.
Describing that tectonic shift outlined in the Report, Ajay Chhibber, UNDP Regional Director for Asia and the Pacific
said, “The rising economic strength of the South must be matched by a strong commitment to human development
and to strategies that ensure countries can improve human development outcomes without imposing a high -
ecological footprint on planet earth.”
Crediting the UNDP-commissioned Human Development Report with having spurred public debate for 20 years on the
multi-dimensional aspects of development, Mr. Ahluwalia said, “India should learn from the success that countries in
the South have had with improving health and education outcomes.”
Expert panelists at the launch stressed that regional successes should not obscure the huge amount of work that
remains. Although South Asia has reduced the proportion of the population living on less than $1.25 a day from 61
percent in 1981 to 36 percent in 2008, more than half a billion people there remained extremely poor.
According to Rehman Sobhan, Chairman, Centre for Policy Dialogue in Bangladesh, “Countries of the South must
address persistent inequalities or they would face the risk of social unrest.”
The Report’s Gender Inequality Index shows that high gender disparities persist in much of South Asia, second only to
those in sub-Saharan Africa. Calling for a stronger response in India to the high maternal mortality ratio, rising
anemia among pregnant women and high levels of violence against women, Bina Agarwal, Professor of Development
Economics, University of Manchester said that despite the South’s economic rise many forms of gender inequality
remained intact.
She highlighted the key importance of ensuring women’s economic security through productive assets and secure
employment, and their physical security (in the home, in public spaces and in the work place), by focusing on some
essential freedoms : freedom from domestic violence, freedom of movement and freedom from harassment and
repressive social norms. She also suggested that the HDR should incorporate women in local government in its gender
indices.
The Report analyses more than 40 developing countries that have made striking human development gains in recent
years. It attributes their achievements to some strong national commitments: better public health and education
services, innovative poverty eradication programmes and strategic engagement with the world economy.
By 2030, more than 80 percent of the world’s middle class will live in the South and account for 70 percent of total
consumption expenditure. The Asia-Pacific region alone will host about two-thirds of that middle class. The combined
economic output by 2020 of three leading developing countries alone—Brazil, China and India—will surpass the
aggregate production of Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom and the United States.
The Report was launched globally by UNDP Administrator Helen Clark and President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto in
Mexico City on March 14.
HDR Highlights
Two countries—the Islamic Republic of Iran and Sri Lanka are in the high human development group, three
(Maldives, India and Bhutan) are in the medium and the remaining four (Bangladesh, Pakistan, Nepal and
Afghanistan) are in the low human development group.
The average HDI value for the region is 0.558, below the world average of 0.693.
Between 2000 and 2012, the region registered annual growth of 1.43 percent in HDI value, which is the
highest compared to other regions. Looking at individual countries in the region, Afghanistan achieved the
fastest growth with 3.9 percent, followed by Pakistan with 1.7 percent and then India at 1.5 percent. The
least growth was registered by Sri Lanka (0.7 percent).
The region’s average life expectancy at birth is 66.2 years, nearly four years below the world average of
70.1 and more than eight years below the average for Latin America and the Caribbean, which has the
highest average life expectancy at birth.
Average years of schooling of 4.7 for the region ties with sub-Saharan Africa in the bottom position and is
2.8 years below the world average.
The average gross national income (GNI) per capita of $3,343 is only one-third the world average of
$10,184.
The region is ranked fifth out of six regions in terms of overall loss to HDI due to inequality in distribution.
The loss to potential HDI value is about 6 percentage points higher than the world’s average loss of 23.3
percent. Loss due to inequality is highest in education (42 percent) followed by health (27 percent).
The biggest loss due to inequalities is suffered by Nepal (34.2 percent) followed by Pakistan (30.9
percent). The country suffering the least loss in the region is Sri Lanka (15.1 percent).
The average Gender Inequality Index value for the region is 0.568—better only than sub-Saharan Africa’s
average of 0.577. It has a relatively high maternal mortality ratio; low female educational attainment; as
well as low female labour force participation rate. The poorest performers in the region are Afghanistan
and India.
Bangladesh has the highest Multidimensional Poverty Index value based on 2007 survey data followed by
India. The headcount ratio, (i.e. the percentage of the population suffering over-lapping deprivation) is
57.8 percent for Bangladesh and 53.7 percent for India. These translate into 83.2 million people in
Bangladesh and 612.3 million people in India who suffer overlapping deprivation.
India leads in the region exporting goods to the tune of $220.4 billion in 2010, representing 14.5 percent
of its GDP in that year. This is followed by Islamic Republic of Iran ($83.8 billion) and then Sri Lanka ($8.3
billion) representing 25.3 percent and 18.1 percentof their respective GDPs.
The region’s average employment-to-population ratio is 61.2 percent, below the world average of 65.8
percent. There is wide variation across countries ranging from a low employment-to-population ratio of
46.1 percent in Islamic Republic of Iran to 86.4 percent in Nepal.
Child labour is relatively high in Nepal, where more than one-third of children of ages five to 14 years are
economically active. The lowest is observed in India (12 percent).
The average overall life satisfaction based on the Gallup World Poll for the region is 4.7, making it the
second most dissatisfied region after sub-Saharan Africa.
JULY CURRENT AFFAIRS ( BRIEFLY)
July, 2013
31st July:
The Union Home Ministry has agreed for handing over the security of BodhGaya complex to the Central Industrial Security Force (CISF).This
is the first time the paramilitary
force will guard a religious place.
The Bombay High Court declared the probe panel BCCI to look into
allegations of spot-fixing IPL-6 as
illegal and unconstitutional, and
directed to form a new panel to
investigate the issue correctly.
India defeated Nepal to wins
Under-16 SAFF Football Title, 2013.
30th July:
Congress Working Committee (CWC) endorsed the formation of Telangana State. Hyderabad will be the capital of both Telangana and Andhra Pradesh for 10 years.
Mamnoon Hussain elected as
President of Pakistan.
Convict of Batla House Encounter
Shahzad Ahmed got life sentence.
Sarod maestro Amjad Ali Khan will
receive 21st Rajiv Gandhi National
Sadhbhavna Award.
29th July:
Ashwani Kumar sworn in as
Governor of Manipur.
2,058 crore Jet-Etihad deal cleared by
investment board with conditions.
Britain confirms £3,000 cash bond
for visas for visitors from India and
5 other countries.
India's 'Metro Man' E Sreedharan
chosen for Lokmanya Tilak award,
2013.
28th July:
BCCI's two-member probe panel
clears Raj Kundra, Gurunath
Meiyappan of involvement in IPL
spot-fixing. 13 injured in grenade blast in Guwahati World Hepatitis Day 2013 observed. India defeat Zimbabwe by seven wickets to lead 3-0 series win.
27th July:
More than 100 people have been
killed and 1,500 injured at a protest held by supporters of ousted Egyptian President Mohammed
Morsi in Cairo.
26th July:
India’s advanced meteorological
satellite INSAT-3D launched
successfully from the spaceport of
Kourou in French Guiana by the
European rocket, Arianespace's
Ariane 5 rocket.India defeat Zimbabwe by 58 runs in the second ODI.
25th July:
A Delhi court convicted Indian
Mujahideen operative Shahzad
Ahmad in the 2008 Batla House
encounter case for murdering a
police inspector M C Sharma and
death of Head Constables Balwant
Singh and Rajbir Singh.
India's K Jennitha Anto wins the 13th IPCA World Women's Individual
Chess Championship title at Czech
Republic.
24th July:
Bihar Police arrested headmistress of the school in Bihar where 23
children died after eating a meal in Chapra District.
Afghanistan's first woman governor Habiba Sarabi, Civil society organiser Lahpai Seng Raw from Myanmar, Nepal's Shakti Samuha, Ernesto Domingo of Philipine and
Indonesia's independent anti-
corruption government body Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK) are the five winners of Magsaysay
awards for 2013.
India wins the first ODI against
Zimbabwe by 6 wickets.
23rd July:
Leo Burnett chairman and CEO of
India subcontinent Arvind Sharma
has been re-elected president of the Advertising Agencies Association of India. Kate Middleton The Duchess of Cambridge, Gave Birth to a Baby Boy.Devendra Jhajharia wins India'sfirst-ever gold at the IPC Athletics World Championships in Lyon, France. Josy Joseph and Ravish Kumar
awarded Ramnath Goenka
“Journalist of the Year” award for
print and broadcast categories
respectively.
22nd July:
56 people died in China's western
Gansu province after 6.6 magnitude earthquake.
Supreme Court asks Centre to
enforce tobacco advertisement rules
at shops.
Delhi Police filed charge sheet in
match-fixing case of 2000 involving
Hansie Cronje.
Britain's Chris Froome was crowned champion of the 100th edition of the Tour de France.
21st July:
India win bronze medal in Archery
World Cup held in Medellin,
Colombia.
Australia lost second test of Ashes
Series in Lord’s England.
20th July:
U.S. city Detroit filed for bankruptcy. Shane Warne inducted into ICC Hall of Fame at Lord's, England.
19th July:Supreme Court order to cancel
common medical entrance exam
(NEET) because the MCI is not
empowered to hold it and now
private medical and dental
universities and colleges will now
have the right to conduct their own entrance exams. Justice Palanisamy Sathasivam
sworn in as the new Chief Justice of India. Anil Ambani and wife Tina Ambani summoned as witness in 2G case. 18th July:The Union Government approved
recommendations of a Group of
Ministers (GoM) to make marriage
laws more women friendly,
including providing for
compensation to a woman from her husband’s ancestral property in the case of divorce. Union Govt. approved Proposal to
give SEBI more Powers including to carry out search and seizure
operations on ponzi schemes.
Veteran Tamil lyricist Vaali passes
away in Chennai at the age of 81.
The Union Government approved to rename Bengaluru International
Airport as Kempegowda
International Airport.
Delhi and KKR seamer Pradeep
Sangwan fails dope test conducted
during IPL 6.
Second Test of Ashes Series begins in Lord Cricket Ground, England.
17th July:
The Indian Government permits 100 per cent foreign direct investment (FDI) in telecom sector. ArcelorMittal decides to drop its Rs 50,000 crore steel plant project in Odisha. NASA announced discovery of 14th
moon named S/2004 N1 of Neptune.
16th July:
22 children died after mid-day meal in Saran district, Bihar. The Supreme Court allowed dance
bars in Maharashtra to reopen which were shut down by the state
government eight years.
Central Railway to use first fully
retrofitted AC rake on Pune-
Lonavala section.
Two of world’s leading sprinters,
American Tyson Gay and the
Jamaican Asafa Powell both have
failed doping tests.
15th July: List of 5,748 missing persons released by Uttarakhand
government. Monsoon Session of Parliament to
begin on August 5.
Cipla appoints MK Hamied as
Executive Vice-Chairman.
Abhijeet Gupta won Commonwealth Chess Championship.
14th July:
163 year old telegram service in
India to be close forever from 9pm today. England beat Australia by 14 runs in first Ashes test.
13th July:
Hemant Soren sworn in as the Chief Minister of Jharkhand.Bhutan's opposition party, People’s
Democratic Party wins the election
with 30 seats. Bofors payoffs scandal accused .Italian businessman Ottavio
Quattrocchi died in Milan following
a stroke.
12th July:
Veteran actor and Dadasaheb Phalke Award recipient Pran dies at 93 in Mumbai's Lilavati Hospital.
A 15-year-old girl from Meerut Razia
Sultan has been conferred with the
first United Nation Malala Award.
Founder of Massachusetts-based
Bose audio firm Amar Bose dies at
83.
11th July:
In a landmark ruling The Supreme
Court has barred those in jail from
contesting elections even if they are not convicted of any crime yet.
Allahabad high court bans caste-
based rallies in Uttar Pradesh.
India Cricket Team wins tri series in West Indies by defeating Sri Lanka.Bhuvneshwar Kumar declared as
Man of the Series.
World Population Day observed.
Month long Ramzan fast begins
today.
10th July: In a landmark judgment the Supreme Court struck down a
provision in the electoral law that
protects a convicted lawmaker from disqualification on the ground of pendency of appeal in higher courts. The annual Ratha Yatra of Lord Jagannath, his brother Bhalabhadra and sister Subhadra began in Puri,Odisha. Hazem El-Beblawi appointed as the new Prime Minister of Egypt.
India reaches the final of Tri-Nation competition in West Indies. They will play against Sri Lanka in the
final. First test match of the Ashes series starts between England and
Australia in Trent Bridge.
Former Olympian Maharaj Krishan
Kaushik appointed as a coach of the Indian hockey team.
9th July:
Chinese troops again enter Ladakh.
Investigating agency detained three men, one woman in Bihar for being questioned for suspicious movement in Bodha Gaya temple Blasts. Supreme Court restrained a special CBI court in Jharkhand from pronouncing its verdict on July 15 in a fodder case involving RJD Chief Lalu Prasad Yadav.
8th July:
Shiva Thapa becomes the youngest
pugilist from the country to clinch a gold medal at the Asian
Championships in Amman, Jordan.
India move to second spot in ICC
Test rankings.
7th July:
Two people have been injured in a
series of 8 blasts inside the
Mahabodhi temple in Bihar's
Bodhgaya. World Champion Sebastian Vettel
wins German Grand Prix.
Vidya Balan wins Best Actress
Award, Ranbir Kapoor bags best
actor and 'Barfi!' wins best film at
IIFA, 2013 in Macau, China.
Andy Murray of England wins the
Wimbledon Championship, 2013 by defeating Novak Djokovic 6-4, 7-5,6-4. Fred Perry was the last British
man to win the Wimbledon title in
1936.
6th July:
Venezuela offers asylum to former U.S. intelligence contractor Edward
Snowden. Former Secretary Department of Telecommunications (DoT) R.
Chandrasekhar appointed President of Nasscom. French tennis player Marion Bartoli defeat Sabine Lisicki 6-1, 6-4 to win her first Wimbledon title
5th July:
President Pranab Mukherjee signed Ordinance on Food Security Bill.Former Vice Admiral DK Dewan appointed new UPSC member.
4th July:
Egyptian Army ousts Egypt's
President Mohamed Morsi from his
post.
Head of the Supreme Constitutional
Court Adly Mansour appointed as
Egypt's new interim President.
Douglas C. Engelbart known as the
father of the mouse dies at 88.
Vikas Gowda wins first gold medal in
the ongoing Asian Athletics
Championships, Pune.
Oxford University's Indian origin
student Samridh Agarwal become
first ever cricketer to score a triple century in a University match. He scores a triple-century against Cambridge in a first-class match at the FP Fenner's ground in Cambridge.
3rd July:
Bhiwani and Mahendragarh districts of Haryana and Bharatpur in Rajasthan will be a part of the
National Capital Region (NCR) with
the approval of NCR Planning Board.vThe Indian government launched a $22 billion welfare scheme to give
cheap food to hundreds of millions of people in India. Sunil Soni has been appointed as
Director General of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Sujatha Singh will be India’s new
Foreign Secretary. With the declaration made in
compliance to Section 4 of the
Cigarettes and other Tobacco
Products Act (COTPA) 2003,
Himachal Pradesh declared as the
first Smoke-free state of the country. Shriniwas Patil is appointed as new
Governor of Sikkim.
2nd July:
Seven policemen kill in attack by
Maoist in Jharkhand.
India reject Edward Snowden's
request for asylum. Indian navy decommissions INS
Taragiri after 33 years of service.
India Govt releases National Cyber
Security Policy 2013.
1st July:
Croatia becomes the 28th member of the European Union.
Brazil wins the 2013 FIFA
Confederation Cup after defeating
Spain by 3-0 in the final held at Rio. Suresh Kalmadi loses bid for Chief of Asian Athletics Association to
Brigadier Dalham al-Hamad, the
senior vice-president of athletics
association Qatar. India’s first navigation satellite
IRNSS-1A launch from Satish
Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota. Jamia Milia university Vice Chancellor Najeeb Jung appointed as the new Lt Governor of Delhi.
Former Delhi Police Commissioner K K Paul appointedas Governor of Meghalaya.
Monday, August 19, 2013
RTI APPLICATION
FORM -1
Form of application for seeking information under the Right to Information Act,2005.
I.D. No (For official use)
To The Public Information Officer, …………………………………… ……………………………………
Name of the Applicant :
Address : …………………………………………………….. : …………………………………………………….. Particulars of information. - : ……………………………………………………..
(a) Concerned department : ……………………………………………………..
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i. Details of information required : …………………………………………………
ii. Period for which information asked for : ……………………………………………
iii. Other details : ……………………………………………
4. A fee of Rs 10/- (Rupees ten only) has been deposited in the office of the Public Information Officer vide receipt No…………. dated………………..
Place : ……………………
Date : ……………………..
SignatureofApplicant.E-mail address, if any Tel. No. (Office) (Residence) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Note :- (i) Reasonable assistance can be provided by the Public Information Officer in filling up the Form 1
Rank :State/UnionTerritory:HDI(2011)
Rank :State/UnionTerritory:HDI(2011)
High human development
1 Kerala 0.790
2 Goa 0.779
3 Delhi 0.750
Medium human development
4 Himachal Pradesh 0.652
5 Punjab 0.605
6 North eastern
India (excluding
Assam)
0.573
7 Maharashtra 0.572
8 Tamil Nadu 0.570
9 Haryana 0.552
10 Jammu and Kashmir0.529
11 Gujarat 0.527
12 Karnataka 0.519
Low human development
13 West Bengal 0.492
14 Uttarakhand 0.490
15 Andhra Pradesh 0.473
— India
(national average)
0.467
16 Assam 0.444
17 Rajasthan 0.434
18 Uttar Pradesh 0.380
19 Jharkhand 0.376
20 Madhya Pradesh 0.375
21 Bihar 0.367
22 Odisha 0.362
23 Chhattisgarh 0.358
High human development
1 Kerala 0.790
2 Goa 0.779
3 Delhi 0.750
Medium human development
4 Himachal Pradesh 0.652
5 Punjab 0.605
6 North eastern
India (excluding
Assam)
0.573
7 Maharashtra 0.572
8 Tamil Nadu 0.570
9 Haryana 0.552
10 Jammu and Kashmir0.529
11 Gujarat 0.527
12 Karnataka 0.519
Low human development
13 West Bengal 0.492
14 Uttarakhand 0.490
15 Andhra Pradesh 0.473
— India
(national average)
0.467
16 Assam 0.444
17 Rajasthan 0.434
18 Uttar Pradesh 0.380
19 Jharkhand 0.376
20 Madhya Pradesh 0.375
21 Bihar 0.367
22 Odisha 0.362
23 Chhattisgarh 0.358
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX .. A FOCUS
Human Development Index (HDI)
The first Human Development Report introduced
a new way of measuring development by
combining indicators of life expectancy,
educational attainment and income into a
composite human development index, the HDI.
The breakthrough for the HDI was the creation of
a single statistic which was to serve as a frame of
reference for both social and economic
development. The HDI sets a minimum and a
maximum for each dimension, called goalposts,
and then shows where each country stands in
relation to these goalposts, expressed as a value
between 0 and 1.
The education component of the HDI is now
measured by mean of years of schooling for
adults aged 25 years and expected years of
schooling for children of school entering age.
Mean years of schooling is estimated based on
educational attainment data from censuses and
surveys available in the UNESCO Institute for
Statistics database and Barro and Lee (2010)
methodology). Expected years of schooling
estimates are based on enrolment by age at all
levels of education and population of official
school age for each level of education. Expected
years of schooling is capped at 18 years. The
indicators are normalized using a minimum value
of zero and maximum values are set to the actual
observed maximum value of mean years of
schooling from the countries in the time series,
1980–2012, that is 13.3 years estimated for the
United States in 2010. Expected years of
schooling is maximized by its cap at 18 years. The
education index is the geometric mean of two
indices.
The life expectancy at birth component of the
HDI is calculated using a minimum value of 20
years and maximum value of 83.57 years. This is
the observed maximum value of the indicators
from the countries in the time series, 1980–2012.
Thus, the longevity component for a country
where life expectancy birth is 55 years would be
0.551.
For the wealth component, the goalpost for
minimum income is $100 (PPP) and the maximum
is $87,478 (PPP), estimated for Qatar in 2012.
The decent standard of living component is
measured by GNI per capita (PPP$) instead of
GDP per capita (PPP$) The HDI uses the logarithm
of income, to reflect the diminishing importance
of income with increasing GNI. The scores for the
three HDI dimension indices are then aggregated
into a composite index using geometric mean.
Refer to the Statistics [614 KB] for more details
and the HDR 2013 Technical Notes English [153
KB].
The HDI facilitates instructive comparisons of the
experiences within and between different
countries.
To learn more:
Interactive data tools
The disaggregated HDI
One way the use of the human development
index has been improved is through
disaggregation. A country's overall index can
conceal the fact that different groups within the
country have very different levels of human
development. Disaggregated HDIs are arrived at
by using the data for the HDI components
pertaining to each of the separate groups;
treating each group as if it was a separate
country. Such groups may be defined relative to
income, geographical or administrative regions,
urban/rural residence, gender and ethnicity.
Using disaggregated HDIs at the national and
sub-national levels helps highlight the significant
disparities and gaps: among regions, between the
sexes, between urban and rural areas and among
ethnic groups. The analysis made possible by the
use of the disaggregated HDIs should help guide
policy and action to address gaps and
inequalities.
Disparities may already be well known, but the
HDI can reveal them even more starkly.
Disaggregation by social group or region can also
enable local community groups to press for more
resources as well as to force accountability on
local representatives, making the HDI a tool for
participatory development.
Disaggregated HDIs have been used extensively
for analysis since their inception.
Adjusting the HDI for inequalities
In 2010, the Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) was
introduced. The IHDI is the HDI adjusted for
inequalities in the distribution of achievements in
each of the three dimensions of the HDI (health,
education and income). The IHDI will be equal to
the HDI value when there is no inequality, but
falls below the HDI value as inequality rises. The
difference between the HDI and the IHDI
represents the ‘loss’ in potential human
development due to inequality and can be
expressed as a percentage. In 2012 the IHDI was
calculated for 132 countries and the results are
telling. For example, United States suffers a loss
of more than 12% when its HDI value is adjusted
for inequalities and moves 13 places down in
rank.
Country-specific HDIs
To reflect country-specific priorities and problems
and to be more sensitive to a country's level of
development, the HDI appearing in the global
HDRs can be tailored so that additional
components are included in the calculation. HDI
adjustments should utilize the methods of
weighting and normalization as the original HDI,
making use of maximum and minimum values to
create an index for the added component. In
addition, indicator-specific weights can be
tailored such that they reflect national policy
priorities.
Additional adjustments to the HDI could involve
expanding the breadth of existing component
indices. For example, the life expectancy category
could be adjusted to reflect under-five or
maternal mortality rates; the income component
could be adjusted to reflect unemployment,
incidence of income poverty or the Gini-corrected
mean national income; and finally the
educational component can be adjusted to
include the number of students enrolled in
particularly important fields of study, such as the
mathematics and sciences.
It is difficult to use the HDI to monitor changes in
human development in the short-term because
two of its components, namely life expectancy
and mean years of schooling change slowly. To
address this limitation, components that are
more sensitive to short-term changes could used
for national purposes, possibly under a different
name. For example, the rate of employment, the
percent of population with access to health
services, or the daily caloric intake as a
percentage of recommended intake could be
used in place of the traditional indicators of the
HDI.
Thus, the usefulness and versatility of the HDI as
an analytical tool for HD at the national and sub-
national levels would be enhanced if countries
choose components that reflect their priorities
and problems and are sensitive to their
development levels, rather than rigidly using the
three components presented in the HDI of the
global HDRs.
As previously mentioned, when adjusting the HDI
to reflect additional concerns, a commitment to
data integrity and rigorous attention to statistical
protocol should always be a concern of
paramount importance.
Highlighting uneven development:
comparing relative levels of HDI and
per capita income
National wealth has the potential to expand
people's choices. However, it may not. The
manner in which countries spend their wealth,
not the wealth itself, is decisive. Moreover, an
excessive obsession with the creation of material
wealth can obscure the ultimate objective of
enriching human lives. In many instances,
countries with higher average incomes have
higher average life expectancies, lower rates of
infant and child mortality and higher educational
attainment and school enrollment, and
consequently a higher human development index
(HDI). But these associations are far from perfect.
In inter-country comparisons, income variations
tend to explain not much more than half the
variation in life expectancy, or in infant and child
mortality. And they explain an even smaller part
of the differences in adult educational
attainment.
Although there is a correlation between material
wealth and human well-being, it breaks down in
many societies. Many countries have high GNI
per capita, but low human development
indicators and vice versa, while some countries at
similar levels of GNI per capita have vastly
different levels of human development.
Given the imperfect nature of wealth as gauge of
human development, the HDI offers a powerful
alternative to GDP and GNI for measuring the
relative socio-economic progress at national and
sub-national levels. Comparing HDI and per
capita income ranks of countries, regions or
ethnic groups within countries highlights the
relationship between their material wealth on the
one hand and their human development on the
other. A negative gap implies the potential of
redirecting resources to Human Development.
The first Human Development Report introduced
a new way of measuring development by
combining indicators of life expectancy,
educational attainment and income into a
composite human development index, the HDI.
The breakthrough for the HDI was the creation of
a single statistic which was to serve as a frame of
reference for both social and economic
development. The HDI sets a minimum and a
maximum for each dimension, called goalposts,
and then shows where each country stands in
relation to these goalposts, expressed as a value
between 0 and 1.
The education component of the HDI is now
measured by mean of years of schooling for
adults aged 25 years and expected years of
schooling for children of school entering age.
Mean years of schooling is estimated based on
educational attainment data from censuses and
surveys available in the UNESCO Institute for
Statistics database and Barro and Lee (2010)
methodology). Expected years of schooling
estimates are based on enrolment by age at all
levels of education and population of official
school age for each level of education. Expected
years of schooling is capped at 18 years. The
indicators are normalized using a minimum value
of zero and maximum values are set to the actual
observed maximum value of mean years of
schooling from the countries in the time series,
1980–2012, that is 13.3 years estimated for the
United States in 2010. Expected years of
schooling is maximized by its cap at 18 years. The
education index is the geometric mean of two
indices.
The life expectancy at birth component of the
HDI is calculated using a minimum value of 20
years and maximum value of 83.57 years. This is
the observed maximum value of the indicators
from the countries in the time series, 1980–2012.
Thus, the longevity component for a country
where life expectancy birth is 55 years would be
0.551.
For the wealth component, the goalpost for
minimum income is $100 (PPP) and the maximum
is $87,478 (PPP), estimated for Qatar in 2012.
The decent standard of living component is
measured by GNI per capita (PPP$) instead of
GDP per capita (PPP$) The HDI uses the logarithm
of income, to reflect the diminishing importance
of income with increasing GNI. The scores for the
three HDI dimension indices are then aggregated
into a composite index using geometric mean.
Refer to the Statistics [614 KB] for more details
and the HDR 2013 Technical Notes English [153
KB].
The HDI facilitates instructive comparisons of the
experiences within and between different
countries.
To learn more:
Interactive data tools
The disaggregated HDI
One way the use of the human development
index has been improved is through
disaggregation. A country's overall index can
conceal the fact that different groups within the
country have very different levels of human
development. Disaggregated HDIs are arrived at
by using the data for the HDI components
pertaining to each of the separate groups;
treating each group as if it was a separate
country. Such groups may be defined relative to
income, geographical or administrative regions,
urban/rural residence, gender and ethnicity.
Using disaggregated HDIs at the national and
sub-national levels helps highlight the significant
disparities and gaps: among regions, between the
sexes, between urban and rural areas and among
ethnic groups. The analysis made possible by the
use of the disaggregated HDIs should help guide
policy and action to address gaps and
inequalities.
Disparities may already be well known, but the
HDI can reveal them even more starkly.
Disaggregation by social group or region can also
enable local community groups to press for more
resources as well as to force accountability on
local representatives, making the HDI a tool for
participatory development.
Disaggregated HDIs have been used extensively
for analysis since their inception.
Adjusting the HDI for inequalities
In 2010, the Inequality-adjusted HDI (IHDI) was
introduced. The IHDI is the HDI adjusted for
inequalities in the distribution of achievements in
each of the three dimensions of the HDI (health,
education and income). The IHDI will be equal to
the HDI value when there is no inequality, but
falls below the HDI value as inequality rises. The
difference between the HDI and the IHDI
represents the ‘loss’ in potential human
development due to inequality and can be
expressed as a percentage. In 2012 the IHDI was
calculated for 132 countries and the results are
telling. For example, United States suffers a loss
of more than 12% when its HDI value is adjusted
for inequalities and moves 13 places down in
rank.
Country-specific HDIs
To reflect country-specific priorities and problems
and to be more sensitive to a country's level of
development, the HDI appearing in the global
HDRs can be tailored so that additional
components are included in the calculation. HDI
adjustments should utilize the methods of
weighting and normalization as the original HDI,
making use of maximum and minimum values to
create an index for the added component. In
addition, indicator-specific weights can be
tailored such that they reflect national policy
priorities.
Additional adjustments to the HDI could involve
expanding the breadth of existing component
indices. For example, the life expectancy category
could be adjusted to reflect under-five or
maternal mortality rates; the income component
could be adjusted to reflect unemployment,
incidence of income poverty or the Gini-corrected
mean national income; and finally the
educational component can be adjusted to
include the number of students enrolled in
particularly important fields of study, such as the
mathematics and sciences.
It is difficult to use the HDI to monitor changes in
human development in the short-term because
two of its components, namely life expectancy
and mean years of schooling change slowly. To
address this limitation, components that are
more sensitive to short-term changes could used
for national purposes, possibly under a different
name. For example, the rate of employment, the
percent of population with access to health
services, or the daily caloric intake as a
percentage of recommended intake could be
used in place of the traditional indicators of the
HDI.
Thus, the usefulness and versatility of the HDI as
an analytical tool for HD at the national and sub-
national levels would be enhanced if countries
choose components that reflect their priorities
and problems and are sensitive to their
development levels, rather than rigidly using the
three components presented in the HDI of the
global HDRs.
As previously mentioned, when adjusting the HDI
to reflect additional concerns, a commitment to
data integrity and rigorous attention to statistical
protocol should always be a concern of
paramount importance.
Highlighting uneven development:
comparing relative levels of HDI and
per capita income
National wealth has the potential to expand
people's choices. However, it may not. The
manner in which countries spend their wealth,
not the wealth itself, is decisive. Moreover, an
excessive obsession with the creation of material
wealth can obscure the ultimate objective of
enriching human lives. In many instances,
countries with higher average incomes have
higher average life expectancies, lower rates of
infant and child mortality and higher educational
attainment and school enrollment, and
consequently a higher human development index
(HDI). But these associations are far from perfect.
In inter-country comparisons, income variations
tend to explain not much more than half the
variation in life expectancy, or in infant and child
mortality. And they explain an even smaller part
of the differences in adult educational
attainment.
Although there is a correlation between material
wealth and human well-being, it breaks down in
many societies. Many countries have high GNI
per capita, but low human development
indicators and vice versa, while some countries at
similar levels of GNI per capita have vastly
different levels of human development.
Given the imperfect nature of wealth as gauge of
human development, the HDI offers a powerful
alternative to GDP and GNI for measuring the
relative socio-economic progress at national and
sub-national levels. Comparing HDI and per
capita income ranks of countries, regions or
ethnic groups within countries highlights the
relationship between their material wealth on the
one hand and their human development on the
other. A negative gap implies the potential of
redirecting resources to Human Development.
Thursday, August 15, 2013
ANY DOUBT? ( REGARDING PANCHAYATH SECRETARIES NOTIFICATION)
"GO . MS 379 14/08/2013 Others
A. P. Panchayat Raj Subordinate Service – Filling up of the vacant posts of Panchayat Secretaries Gr.IV through General
Recruitment in respect of Contract Panchayat Secretaries in PR Department – Permission Accorded - Orders - Issued.
DEPT.:PANCHAYAT RAJ AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT
On 14 th of august, government of Andhra Pradesh has issued a GO MS NO.379 ( PANCHAYATH RAJ DEPARTMENT)
these 2261 posts which
were mentioned in the g.o. ms 379 are
meant for contract panchayath secretaries
only giving preference in the selection
( through district selection committee) but , I heard (on oct30) that in some districts they are receiving the applications from other graduates also but their application may be considered for a maximum of 75% where as a contract panchayath secretary has the chance for a 100% of marks.
// 75% for degree percentail and of the remaining 25 percent, a
weightage of 15 % would awarded for
the service as Gram Panchayat
Secretaries at 3 marks per every year of
service and 10% for the seniority after
the date of acquisition of educational
qualification at 1 mark for each year of
waiting after acquiring Degree
qualification. So very very less chances for graduates other than contract panchayath secretaries.
And in addition to 2671 posts which are awaiting to be notified through direct recruitment
(appsc) and are open to all. SO, U , THE JOB ASPIRANTS, NO NEED TO BOTHER ABOUT THE G.O.
A detailed notification is needed ( roaster,local and non local, number of posts for every reservation category, dates, syllabus etc... ) in this aspect from the Andhra Pradesh Public Service Commission, HYD, as the Announcement Notification released already.
( this is , as I know, and, as I understood the subject)
Your
..... BAIG.......
Wednesday, August 14, 2013
INDEPENDENCE DAY IN INDIA : A BRIEF HISTORY
Independence Day, observed
annually on 15 August, is a national
holiday in India commemorating the
nation's independence from British
rule on 15 August 1947. India
attained freedom following an
independence movement noted for
largely nonviolent resistance and
civil disobedience led by the Indian
National Congress (INC) [1] .
Independence coincided with the
partition of India, in which the
British Indian Empire was divided
along religious lines into the
Dominions of India and Pakistan ;
the partition was accompanied by
violent riots and mass casualties.
The flagship event in Independence
Day celebrations takes place in
Delhi, where the prime minister
hoists the national flag at the Red
Fort and delivers from its ramparts
a speech. The holiday is observed
throughout India with flag-hoisting
ceremonies, parades and cultural
events. Indians celebrate the day
by displaying the national flag on
their attire, accessories, homes and
vehicles; by listening to patriotic
songs, watching patriotic movies;
and bonding with family and
friends. Books and films feature the
independence and partition in their
narrative. Separatist and militant
organisations have often carried out
terrorist attacks on and around 15
August, and others have declared
strikes and used black flags to
boycott the celebration.
History
Main article: Indian independence
movement
European traders had established
outposts on the Indian
subcontinent by the 17th century.
Through overwhelming military
strength, the British East India
company subdued local kingdoms
and established themselves as the
dominant force by the 18th century.
Following the Rebellion of 1857 , the
Government of India Act 1858 led
the British Crown to assume direct
control of India. In the decades
following, civic society gradually
emerged across India, most notably
the Indian National Congress,
formed in 1885. [2][3] :123 The
period after World War I was
marked by British reforms such as
the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms ,
but it also witnessed the
enactment of the repressive
Rowlatt Act and calls for self-rule
by Indian activists. The discontent
of this period crystallized into
nationwide non-violent movements
of non-cooperation and civil
disobedience, led by Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi. [3] :167
During the 1930s, reform was
gradually legislated by the British;
Congress won victories in the
resulting elections.[3] :195–197 The
next decade was beset with
political turmoil: Indian
participation in World War II, the
Congress's final push for non-
cooperation, and an upsurge of
Muslim nationalism led by the All-
India Muslim League . The
escalating political tension was
capped by Independence in 1947.
The jubilation was tempered by the
bloody partition of the
subcontinent into India and
Pakistan. [3] :203
Independence Day before
independence
At the 1929 Lahore session of the
Indian National Congress, the
Purna Swaraj declaration, or
"Declaration of the Independence
of India" was promulgated, [4] and
26 January was declared as
Independence Day. [4] The
Congress called on people to
pledge themselves to civil
disobedience and "to carry out the
Congress instructions issued from
time to time" until India attained
complete independence.[5]
Celebration of such an
Independence Day was envisioned
to stoke nationalistic fervour among
Indian citizens, and to force the
British government to consider
granting independence. [6] :19
The Congress observed 26 January
as the Independence Day between
1930 and 1947.[7][8] The
celebration was marked by
meetings where the attendants
took the "pledge of independence".
[6] :19–20 Jawaharlal Nehru
described in his autobiography that
such meetings were peaceful,
solemn, and "without any speeches
or exhortation". [9] Gandhi
envisaged that besides the
meetings, the day would be spent
"... in doing some constructive
work, whether it is spinning, or
service of 'untouchables,' or
reunion of Hindus and Mussalmans,
or prohibition work, or even all
these together". [10] Following
actual independence in 1947, the
Constitution of India came into
effect on and from 26 January 1950;
since then 26 January is celebrated
as Republic Day.
Immediate background
In 1946, the Labour government in
Britain, its exchequer exhausted by
the recently concluded World War
II , realised that it had neither the
mandate at home, the international
support, nor the reliability of native
forces for continuing to control an
increasingly restless India.[3] :203
[11][12][13] In February 1947,
Prime Minister Clement Attlee
announced that the British
government would grant full self-
governance to British India by June
1948 at the latest. [14]
The new viceroy, Louis
Mountbatten , advanced the date for
the transfer of power, believing the
continuous contention between the
Congress and the Muslim League
might lead to a collapse of the
interim government.[15] He chose
the second anniversary of Japan's
surrender in World War II, 15
August, as the date of power
transfer. [15] The British
government announced on 3 June
1947 that it had accepted the idea
of partitioning British India into
two states; [14] the successor
governments would be given
dominion status and would have an
implicit right to secede from the
British Commonwealth . The Indian
Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11
Geo 6 c. 30) of the Parliament of
the United Kingdom partitioned
British India into the two new
independent dominions of India
and Pakistan (including what is now
Bangladesh ) with effect from 15
August 1947, and granted complete
legislative authority upon the
respective constituent assemblies
of the new countries.[16] The Act
received royal assent on 18 July
1947.
Partition and independence
Millions of Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu
refugees trekked across the newly
drawn borders in the months
surrounding independence.[18] In
Punjab, where the borders divided
the Sikh regions in halves, massive
bloodshed followed; in Bengal and
Bihar , where Mahatma Gandhi's
presence assuaged communal
tempers, the violence was
mitigated. In all, between 250,000
and 1,000,000 people on both sides
of the new borders died in the
violence. [19] While the entire
nation was celebrating the
Independence Day, Gandhi stayed
in Calcutta in an attempt to stem
the carnage. [20] On 14 August
1947, the Independence Day of
Pakistan , the new Dominion of
Pakistan came into being;
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in
as its first Governor General in
Karachi . At midnight, as India
moved into 15 August 1947,
Jawaharlal Nehru delivered the
Tryst with Destiny speech
proclaiming India's independence.
“ Long years
ago we made
a tryst with
destiny, and
now the time
comes when
we shall
redeem our
pledge, not
wholly or in
full measure,
but very
substantially.
At the stroke
of the
midnight
hour, when
the world
sleeps, India
will awake to
life and
freedom. A
moment
comes, which
comes but
rarely in
history, when
we step out
from the old
to the new,
when an age
ends, and
when the
soul of a
nation, long
suppressed,
finds
utterance. It
is fitting that
at this
solemn
moment, we
take the
pledge of
dedication to
the service of
India and her
people and to
the still
larger cause
of humanity.
”
—Tryst with Destiny speech,
Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August
1947[21]
The Dominion of India became an
independent country as official
ceremonies took place in New
Delhi. Nehru assumed office as the
first prime minister , and the
viceroy, Lord Mountbatten ,
continued as its first governor
general .[17] :6 Gandhi's name was
invoked by crowds celebrating the
occasion; Gandhi himself however
took no part in the official events.
Instead, he marked the day with a
24-hour fast, during which he spoke
to a crowd in Calcutta, encouraging
peace between Hindu and Muslim.
[17] :10
↑Jump back a section
Celebration
Indian flags on a bicycle on
the Independence Day in
Siliguri in West Bengal.
Independence Day, one of the
three national holidays in India
(the other two being the Republic
Day on 26 January and Mahatma
Gandhi's birthday on 2 October), is
observed in all Indian states and
union territories. On the eve of
Independence Day, the President of
India delivers the "Address to the
Nation". On 15 August, the prime
minister hoists the Indian flag on
the ramparts of the historical site
Red Fort in Delhi. Twenty-one gun
shots are fired in honour of the
solemn occasion. [22] In his speech,
the prime minister highlights the
past year's achievements, raises
important issues and calls for
further development. He pays
tribute to the leaders of the
freedom struggle . The Indian
national anthem, " Jana Gana
Mana " is sung. The speech is
followed by march past of divisions
of the Indian Army and paramilitary
forces. Parades and pageants
showcase scenes from the freedom
struggle and India's diverse cultural
traditions. Similar events take place
in state capitals where the Chief
Ministers of individual states unfurl
the national flag, followed by
parades and pageants. [23][24]
A child holding the Indian
national flag.
Flag hoisting ceremonies and
cultural programmes take place in
governmental and non-
governmental institutions
throughout the country. [25] Schools
and colleges conduct flag hoisting
ceremonies and cultural events.
Major government buildings are
often adorned with strings of
lights. [26] In Delhi and some other
cities, kite flying adds to the
occasion. [22][27] National flags of
different sizes are used abundantly
to symbolise allegiance to the
country. [28] Citizens adorn their
clothing, wristbands, cars,
household accessories with replicas
of the tri-colour. [28] Over a period
of time, the celebration has
changed emphasis from nationalism
to a broader celebration of all
things India. [29][30]
The Indian diaspora celebrates
Independence Day around the world
with parades and pageants,
particularly in regions with higher
concentrations of Indian
immigrants. [31] In some locations,
such as New York and other US
cities, 15 August has become "India
Day" among the diaspora and the
local populace. Pageants celebrate
"India Day" either on 15 August or
an adjoining weekend day. [32]
↑Jump back a section
Security threats
As early as three years after
independence, the Naga National
Council called for a boycott of
Independence Day in the northeast.
[33] Separatist protests in this
region intensified in the 1980s;
calls for boycotts and terrorist
attacks by insurgent organisations
such as the United Liberation Front
of Assam and the National
Democratic Front of Bodoland,
marred celebrations. [34] With
increasing insurgency in Jammu and
Kashmir from the late 1980s, [35]
separatist protesters boycotted
Independence Day there with
bandh (strikes), use of black flags
and by flag burning.[36][37][38]
terrorist outfits such as Lashkar-e-
Taiba , the Hizbul Mujahideen and
the Jaish-e-Mohammed have issued
threats, and have carried out
attacks around Independence Day.
[39] Boycotting of the celebration
has also been advocated by
insurgent Maoist rebel
organisations. [40][41]
In anticipation of terrorist attacks,
particularly from militants, security
measures are intensified, especially
in major cities such as Delhi and
Mumbai and in troubled states such
as Jammu and Kashmir. [42][43] The
airspace around the Red Fort is
declared a no-fly zone to prevent
aerial attacks[44] and additional
police forces are deployed in other
cities. [45]
↑Jump back a section
In popular culture
On Independence Day and Republic
Day, patriotic songs in Hindi and
regional languages are broadcast
on television and radio channels.
[46] They are also played alongside
flag hoisting ceremonies. [46]
Patriotic films are broadcast.[25]
Over the decades, according to The
Times of India, the number of such
films broadcast has decreased as
channels report that audiences are
oversaturated with patriotic films.
[47] The population cohort that
belong to the Generation Next
often combine nationalism with
popular culture during the
celebrations. This mixture is
exemplified by outfits and savouries
dyed with the tricolour and
designer garments that represent
India's various cultural traditions.
[29][48] Retail stores offer
Independence Day sales
promotions. [49][50] Some news
reports have decried the
commercialism. [49][51][52]
Indian Postal Service publishes
commemorative stamps depicting
independence movement leaders,
nationalistic themes and defence-
related themes on 15 August. [53]
Independence and partition
inspired literary and other artistic
creations in many languages. [54]
Such creations mostly describe the
human cost of partition, limiting
the holiday to a small part of their
narrative. [55][56] Salman Rushdie 's
novel Midnight's Children (1980),
which won the Booker Prize and the
Booker of Bookers , wove its
narrative around children born at
midnight of 14–15 August 1947
with magical abilities. [56] Freedom
at Midnight (1975) is a non-fiction
work by Larry Collins and Dominique
Lapierre that chronicled the events
surrounding the first Independence
Day celebrations in 1947. Few films
center on the moment of
independence, [57][58][59] instead
highlighting the circumstances of
partition and its aftermath. [57][60]
[61] On the Internet, Google has
commemorated Independence Day
since 2003 with a special doodle on
its Indian homepage.
annually on 15 August, is a national
holiday in India commemorating the
nation's independence from British
rule on 15 August 1947. India
attained freedom following an
independence movement noted for
largely nonviolent resistance and
civil disobedience led by the Indian
National Congress (INC) [1] .
Independence coincided with the
partition of India, in which the
British Indian Empire was divided
along religious lines into the
Dominions of India and Pakistan ;
the partition was accompanied by
violent riots and mass casualties.
The flagship event in Independence
Day celebrations takes place in
Delhi, where the prime minister
hoists the national flag at the Red
Fort and delivers from its ramparts
a speech. The holiday is observed
throughout India with flag-hoisting
ceremonies, parades and cultural
events. Indians celebrate the day
by displaying the national flag on
their attire, accessories, homes and
vehicles; by listening to patriotic
songs, watching patriotic movies;
and bonding with family and
friends. Books and films feature the
independence and partition in their
narrative. Separatist and militant
organisations have often carried out
terrorist attacks on and around 15
August, and others have declared
strikes and used black flags to
boycott the celebration.
History
Main article: Indian independence
movement
European traders had established
outposts on the Indian
subcontinent by the 17th century.
Through overwhelming military
strength, the British East India
company subdued local kingdoms
and established themselves as the
dominant force by the 18th century.
Following the Rebellion of 1857 , the
Government of India Act 1858 led
the British Crown to assume direct
control of India. In the decades
following, civic society gradually
emerged across India, most notably
the Indian National Congress,
formed in 1885. [2][3] :123 The
period after World War I was
marked by British reforms such as
the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms ,
but it also witnessed the
enactment of the repressive
Rowlatt Act and calls for self-rule
by Indian activists. The discontent
of this period crystallized into
nationwide non-violent movements
of non-cooperation and civil
disobedience, led by Mohandas
Karamchand Gandhi. [3] :167
During the 1930s, reform was
gradually legislated by the British;
Congress won victories in the
resulting elections.[3] :195–197 The
next decade was beset with
political turmoil: Indian
participation in World War II, the
Congress's final push for non-
cooperation, and an upsurge of
Muslim nationalism led by the All-
India Muslim League . The
escalating political tension was
capped by Independence in 1947.
The jubilation was tempered by the
bloody partition of the
subcontinent into India and
Pakistan. [3] :203
Independence Day before
independence
At the 1929 Lahore session of the
Indian National Congress, the
Purna Swaraj declaration, or
"Declaration of the Independence
of India" was promulgated, [4] and
26 January was declared as
Independence Day. [4] The
Congress called on people to
pledge themselves to civil
disobedience and "to carry out the
Congress instructions issued from
time to time" until India attained
complete independence.[5]
Celebration of such an
Independence Day was envisioned
to stoke nationalistic fervour among
Indian citizens, and to force the
British government to consider
granting independence. [6] :19
The Congress observed 26 January
as the Independence Day between
1930 and 1947.[7][8] The
celebration was marked by
meetings where the attendants
took the "pledge of independence".
[6] :19–20 Jawaharlal Nehru
described in his autobiography that
such meetings were peaceful,
solemn, and "without any speeches
or exhortation". [9] Gandhi
envisaged that besides the
meetings, the day would be spent
"... in doing some constructive
work, whether it is spinning, or
service of 'untouchables,' or
reunion of Hindus and Mussalmans,
or prohibition work, or even all
these together". [10] Following
actual independence in 1947, the
Constitution of India came into
effect on and from 26 January 1950;
since then 26 January is celebrated
as Republic Day.
Immediate background
In 1946, the Labour government in
Britain, its exchequer exhausted by
the recently concluded World War
II , realised that it had neither the
mandate at home, the international
support, nor the reliability of native
forces for continuing to control an
increasingly restless India.[3] :203
[11][12][13] In February 1947,
Prime Minister Clement Attlee
announced that the British
government would grant full self-
governance to British India by June
1948 at the latest. [14]
The new viceroy, Louis
Mountbatten , advanced the date for
the transfer of power, believing the
continuous contention between the
Congress and the Muslim League
might lead to a collapse of the
interim government.[15] He chose
the second anniversary of Japan's
surrender in World War II, 15
August, as the date of power
transfer. [15] The British
government announced on 3 June
1947 that it had accepted the idea
of partitioning British India into
two states; [14] the successor
governments would be given
dominion status and would have an
implicit right to secede from the
British Commonwealth . The Indian
Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11
Geo 6 c. 30) of the Parliament of
the United Kingdom partitioned
British India into the two new
independent dominions of India
and Pakistan (including what is now
Bangladesh ) with effect from 15
August 1947, and granted complete
legislative authority upon the
respective constituent assemblies
of the new countries.[16] The Act
received royal assent on 18 July
1947.
Partition and independence
Millions of Muslim, Sikh, and Hindu
refugees trekked across the newly
drawn borders in the months
surrounding independence.[18] In
Punjab, where the borders divided
the Sikh regions in halves, massive
bloodshed followed; in Bengal and
Bihar , where Mahatma Gandhi's
presence assuaged communal
tempers, the violence was
mitigated. In all, between 250,000
and 1,000,000 people on both sides
of the new borders died in the
violence. [19] While the entire
nation was celebrating the
Independence Day, Gandhi stayed
in Calcutta in an attempt to stem
the carnage. [20] On 14 August
1947, the Independence Day of
Pakistan , the new Dominion of
Pakistan came into being;
Muhammad Ali Jinnah was sworn in
as its first Governor General in
Karachi . At midnight, as India
moved into 15 August 1947,
Jawaharlal Nehru delivered the
Tryst with Destiny speech
proclaiming India's independence.
“ Long years
ago we made
a tryst with
destiny, and
now the time
comes when
we shall
redeem our
pledge, not
wholly or in
full measure,
but very
substantially.
At the stroke
of the
midnight
hour, when
the world
sleeps, India
will awake to
life and
freedom. A
moment
comes, which
comes but
rarely in
history, when
we step out
from the old
to the new,
when an age
ends, and
when the
soul of a
nation, long
suppressed,
finds
utterance. It
is fitting that
at this
solemn
moment, we
take the
pledge of
dedication to
the service of
India and her
people and to
the still
larger cause
of humanity.
”
—Tryst with Destiny speech,
Jawaharlal Nehru, 15 August
1947[21]
The Dominion of India became an
independent country as official
ceremonies took place in New
Delhi. Nehru assumed office as the
first prime minister , and the
viceroy, Lord Mountbatten ,
continued as its first governor
general .[17] :6 Gandhi's name was
invoked by crowds celebrating the
occasion; Gandhi himself however
took no part in the official events.
Instead, he marked the day with a
24-hour fast, during which he spoke
to a crowd in Calcutta, encouraging
peace between Hindu and Muslim.
[17] :10
↑Jump back a section
Celebration
Indian flags on a bicycle on
the Independence Day in
Siliguri in West Bengal.
Independence Day, one of the
three national holidays in India
(the other two being the Republic
Day on 26 January and Mahatma
Gandhi's birthday on 2 October), is
observed in all Indian states and
union territories. On the eve of
Independence Day, the President of
India delivers the "Address to the
Nation". On 15 August, the prime
minister hoists the Indian flag on
the ramparts of the historical site
Red Fort in Delhi. Twenty-one gun
shots are fired in honour of the
solemn occasion. [22] In his speech,
the prime minister highlights the
past year's achievements, raises
important issues and calls for
further development. He pays
tribute to the leaders of the
freedom struggle . The Indian
national anthem, " Jana Gana
Mana " is sung. The speech is
followed by march past of divisions
of the Indian Army and paramilitary
forces. Parades and pageants
showcase scenes from the freedom
struggle and India's diverse cultural
traditions. Similar events take place
in state capitals where the Chief
Ministers of individual states unfurl
the national flag, followed by
parades and pageants. [23][24]
A child holding the Indian
national flag.
Flag hoisting ceremonies and
cultural programmes take place in
governmental and non-
governmental institutions
throughout the country. [25] Schools
and colleges conduct flag hoisting
ceremonies and cultural events.
Major government buildings are
often adorned with strings of
lights. [26] In Delhi and some other
cities, kite flying adds to the
occasion. [22][27] National flags of
different sizes are used abundantly
to symbolise allegiance to the
country. [28] Citizens adorn their
clothing, wristbands, cars,
household accessories with replicas
of the tri-colour. [28] Over a period
of time, the celebration has
changed emphasis from nationalism
to a broader celebration of all
things India. [29][30]
The Indian diaspora celebrates
Independence Day around the world
with parades and pageants,
particularly in regions with higher
concentrations of Indian
immigrants. [31] In some locations,
such as New York and other US
cities, 15 August has become "India
Day" among the diaspora and the
local populace. Pageants celebrate
"India Day" either on 15 August or
an adjoining weekend day. [32]
↑Jump back a section
Security threats
As early as three years after
independence, the Naga National
Council called for a boycott of
Independence Day in the northeast.
[33] Separatist protests in this
region intensified in the 1980s;
calls for boycotts and terrorist
attacks by insurgent organisations
such as the United Liberation Front
of Assam and the National
Democratic Front of Bodoland,
marred celebrations. [34] With
increasing insurgency in Jammu and
Kashmir from the late 1980s, [35]
separatist protesters boycotted
Independence Day there with
bandh (strikes), use of black flags
and by flag burning.[36][37][38]
terrorist outfits such as Lashkar-e-
Taiba , the Hizbul Mujahideen and
the Jaish-e-Mohammed have issued
threats, and have carried out
attacks around Independence Day.
[39] Boycotting of the celebration
has also been advocated by
insurgent Maoist rebel
organisations. [40][41]
In anticipation of terrorist attacks,
particularly from militants, security
measures are intensified, especially
in major cities such as Delhi and
Mumbai and in troubled states such
as Jammu and Kashmir. [42][43] The
airspace around the Red Fort is
declared a no-fly zone to prevent
aerial attacks[44] and additional
police forces are deployed in other
cities. [45]
↑Jump back a section
In popular culture
On Independence Day and Republic
Day, patriotic songs in Hindi and
regional languages are broadcast
on television and radio channels.
[46] They are also played alongside
flag hoisting ceremonies. [46]
Patriotic films are broadcast.[25]
Over the decades, according to The
Times of India, the number of such
films broadcast has decreased as
channels report that audiences are
oversaturated with patriotic films.
[47] The population cohort that
belong to the Generation Next
often combine nationalism with
popular culture during the
celebrations. This mixture is
exemplified by outfits and savouries
dyed with the tricolour and
designer garments that represent
India's various cultural traditions.
[29][48] Retail stores offer
Independence Day sales
promotions. [49][50] Some news
reports have decried the
commercialism. [49][51][52]
Indian Postal Service publishes
commemorative stamps depicting
independence movement leaders,
nationalistic themes and defence-
related themes on 15 August. [53]
Independence and partition
inspired literary and other artistic
creations in many languages. [54]
Such creations mostly describe the
human cost of partition, limiting
the holiday to a small part of their
narrative. [55][56] Salman Rushdie 's
novel Midnight's Children (1980),
which won the Booker Prize and the
Booker of Bookers , wove its
narrative around children born at
midnight of 14–15 August 1947
with magical abilities. [56] Freedom
at Midnight (1975) is a non-fiction
work by Larry Collins and Dominique
Lapierre that chronicled the events
surrounding the first Independence
Day celebrations in 1947. Few films
center on the moment of
independence, [57][58][59] instead
highlighting the circumstances of
partition and its aftermath. [57][60]
[61] On the Internet, Google has
commemorated Independence Day
since 2003 with a special doodle on
its Indian homepage.
LINKS TO NCERT BOOKS
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BzEI97E9_7eMQXV1WUtsNU1QTnc/edit?usp=docslist_api
LINKS TO NCERT BOOKS
https://docs.google.com/file/d/0BzEI97E9_7eMQXV1WUtsNU1QTnc/edit?usp=docslist_api
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