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Portfolios of the Union Council of Ministers

Prime Minister
	Shri Narendra Modi	Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions  Department of Atomic Energy Department of Space All important policy issues  and all other portfolios not allocated to any Minister
Cabinet Ministers
1	Shri Raj Nath Singh	Home Affairs
2	Smt. Sushma Swaraj	External Affairs Overseas Indian Affairs
3	Shri Arun Jaitley	Finance Corporate Affairs Defence
4	Shri M. Venkaiah Naidu	Urban Development Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation Parliamentary Affairs
5	Shri Nitin Jairam Gadkari	Road Transport and Highways Shipping Rural Development Panchayati Raj Drinking Water and Sanitation
6	Shri D.V. Sadananda Gowda	Railways
7	Sushri Uma Bharati	Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
8	Dr. Najma A. Heptulla	Minority Affairs
9	Shri Ramvilas Paswan	Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
10	Shri Kalraj Mishra	Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises
11	Smt. Maneka Sanjay Gandhi	Women and Child Development
12	Shri Ananthkumar	Chemicals and Fertilizers
13	Shri Ravi Shankar Prasad	Communications and Information Technology  Law and Justice
14	Shri Ashok Gajapathi Raju Pusapati	Civil Aviation
15	Shri Anant Geete	Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
16	Smt. Harsimrat Kaur Badal	Food Processing Industries
17	Shri Narendra Singh Tomar	Mines Steel Labour and Employment
18	Shri Jual Oram	Tribal Affairs
19	Shri Radha Mohan Singh	Agriculture
20	Shri Thaawar Chand Gehlot	Social Justice and Empowerment
21	Smt. Smriti Zubin Irani	Human Resource Development
22	Dr. Harsh Vardhan	Health and Family Welfare
Ministers of State
1	General V.K. Singh	Development of North Eastern Region (Independent Charge) External Affairs Overseas Indian Affairs
2	Shri Inderjit Singh Rao	Planning (Independent Charge) Statistics and Programme Implementation (Independent Charge) Defence
3	Shri Santosh Kumar Gangwar	Textiles (Independent Charge) Parliamentary Affairs Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation
4	Shri Shripad Yesso Naik	Culture (Independent Charge) Tourism (Independent Charge)
5	Shri Dharmendra Pradhan	Petroleum and Natural Gas (Independent Charge)
6	Shri Sarbananda Sonowal	Skill Development, Entrepreneurship, Youth Affairs and Sports (Independent Charge)
7	Shri Prakash Javadekar	Information and Broadcasting (Independent Charge) Environment, Forest and Climate Change (Independent Charge) Parliamentary Affairs
8	Shri Piyush Goyal	Power (Independent Charge) Coal (Independent Charge) New and Renewable Energy (Independent Charge)
9	Dr. Jitendra Singh	Science and Technology (Independent Charge) Earth Sciences (Independent Charge) Prime Minister Office Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions Department of Atomic Energy Department of Space
10	Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman	Commerce and Industry (Independent Charge) Finance Corporate Affairs
11	Shri G.M. Siddeshwara	Civil Aviation
12	Shri Manoj Sinha	Railways
13	Shri Nihalchand	Chemicals and Fertilizers
14	Shri Upendra Kushwaha	Rural Development Panchayati Raj Drinking Water and Sanitation
15	Shri Radhakrishnan P	Heavy Industries and Public Enterprises
16	Shri Kiren Rijiju	Home Affairs
17	Shri Krishan Pal	Road Transport and Highways Shipping
18	Dr. Sanjeev Kumar Balyan	Agriculture Food Processing Industries
19	Shri Mansukhbhai Dhanjibhai Vasava	Tribal Affairs
20	Shri Raosaheb Dadarao Danve	Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution
21	Shri Vishnu Deo Sai	Mines Steel Labour and Employment
22	Shri Sudarshan Bhagat	Social Justice and Empowerment

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RBI

Home>> About Us - Organisation and Functions

RBI - Brochure explaining RBI's Role and Functions in brief

Reserve Bank of India : Functions and Working

Organisation and Functions Establishment Preamble Central Board     Board for Financial Supervision   Board for Payment and Settlement Systems   Local Boards   Profile of Central Board Directors Legal Framework Main Functions Departments Offices Training Establishments Subsidiaries Establishment The Reserve Bank of India was established on April 1, 1935 in accordance with the provisions of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. The Central Office of the Reserve Bank was initially established in Calcutta but was permanently moved to Mumbai in 1937. The Central Office is where the Governor sits and where policies are formulated. Though originally privately owned, since nationalisation in 1949, the Reserve Bank is fully owned by the Government of India. Preamble The Preamble of the Reserve Bank of India describes the basic functions of the Reserve Bank as: "...to regulate the issue of Bank Notes and keeping of reserves with a view to securing monetary stability in India and generally to operate the currency and credit system of the country to its advantage."  Top    Central Board The Reserve Bank's affairs are governed by a central board of directors. The board is appointed by the Government of India in keeping with the Reserve Bank of India Act. Appointed/nominated for a period of four years Constitution: Official Directors Full-time : Governor and not more than four Deputy Governors Non-Official Directors Nominated by Government: ten Directors from various fields and two government Officials Others: four Directors - one each from four local boards Profile of Central Board Directors Functions : General superintendence and direction of the Bank's affairs Top    Local Boards One each for the four regions of the country in Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai and New Delhi Membership: consist of five members each appointed by the Central Government for a term of four years Functions : To advise the Central Board on local matters and to represent territorial and economic interests of local cooperative and indigenous banks; to perform such other functions as delegated by Central Board from time to time. Top    Financial Supervision The Reserve Bank of India performs this function under the guidance of the Board for Financial Supervision (BFS). The Board was constituted in November 1994 as a committee of the Central Board of Directors of the Reserve Bank of India. Objective Primary objective of BFS is to undertake consolidated supervision of the financial sector comprising commercial banks, financial institutions and non-banking finance companies. Constitution The Board is constituted by co-opting four Directors from the Central Board as members for a term of two years and is chaired by the Governor. The Deputy Governors of the Reserve Bank are ex-officio members. One Deputy Governor, usually, the Deputy Governor in charge of banking regulation and supervision, is nominated as the Vice-Chairman of the Board. BFS meetings The Board is required to meet normally once every month. It considers inspection reports and other supervisory issues placed before it by the supervisory departments. BFS through the Audit Sub-Committee also aims at upgrading the quality of the statutory audit and internal audit functions in banks and financial institutions. The audit sub-committee includes Deputy Governor as the chairman and two Directors of the Central Board as members. The BFS oversees the functioning of Department of Banking Supervision (DBS), Department of Non-Banking Supervision (DNBS) and Financial Institutions Division (FID) and gives directions on the regulatory and supervisory issues. Functions Some of the initiatives taken by BFS include: restructuring of the system of bank inspections introduction of off-site surveillance, strengthening of the role of statutory auditors and strengthening of the internal defences of supervised institutions. The Audit Sub-committee of BFS has reviewed the current system of concurrent audit, norms of empanelment and appointment of statutory auditors, the quality and coverage of statutory audit reports, and the important issue of greater transparency and disclosure in the published accounts of supervised institutions. Current Focus supervision of financial institutions consolidated accounting legal issues in bank frauds divergence in assessments of non-performing assets and supervisory rating model for banks. Top    Legal Framework Umbrella Acts Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934: governs the Reserve Bank functions Banking Regulation Act, 1949: governs the financial sector Acts governing specific functions Public Debt Act, 1944/Government Securities Act (Proposed): Governs government debt market Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956: Regulates government securities market Indian Coinage Act, 1906:Governs currency and coins Foreign Exchange Regulation Act, 1973/Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999: Governs trade and foreign exchange market "Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007: Provides for regulation and supervision of payment systems in India" Acts governing Banking Operations Companies Act, 1956:Governs banks as companies Banking Companies (Acquisition and Transfer of Undertakings) Act, 1970/1980: Relates to nationalisation of banks Bankers' Books Evidence Act Banking Secrecy Act Negotiable Instruments Act, 1881 Acts governing Individual Institutions State Bank of India Act, 1954 The Industrial Development Bank (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 2003 The Industrial Finance Corporation (Transfer of Undertaking and Repeal) Act, 1993 National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development Act National Housing Bank Act Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation Act Top    Main Functions Monetary Authority: Formulates, implements and monitors the monetary policy. Objective: maintaining price stability and ensuring adequate flow of credit to productive sectors. Regulator and supervisor of the financial system: Prescribes broad parameters of banking operations within which the country's banking and financial system functions. Objective: maintain public confidence in the system, protect depositors' interest and provide cost-effective banking services to the public. Manager of Foreign Exchange Manages the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999. Objective: to facilitate external trade and payment and promote orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market in India. Issuer of currency: Issues and exchanges or destroys currency and coins not fit for circulation. Objective: to give the public adequate quantity of supplies of currency notes and coins and in good quality. Developmental role Performs a wide range of promotional functions to support national objectives. Related Functions Banker to the Government: performs merchant banking function for the central and the state governments; also acts as their banker. Banker to banks: maintains banking accounts of all scheduled banks. Top    Offices Has 19 regional offices, most of them in state capitals and 9 Sub-offices. Training Establishments Has five training establishments Two, namely, College of Agricultural Banking and Reserve Bank of India Staff College are part of the Reserve Bank Others are autonomous, such as, National Institute for Bank Management, Indira Gandhi Institute for Development Research (IGIDR), Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT) For details on training establishments, please check their websites links which are available in Other Links. Subsidiaries Fully owned: Deposit Insurance and Credit Guarantee Corporation of India(DICGC), Bharatiya Reserve Bank Note Mudran Private Limited(BRBNMPL) Majority stake:

FEMA

.............. .........FOREIGN EXCHANGE MANAGEMENT ACT (FEMA)







When a business enterprise imports goods from other countries, exports its products to them or makes investments abroad, it deals in foreign exchange. Foreign exchange means 'foreign currency' and includes: - (I) deposits, credits and balances payable in any foreign currency; (II) drafts, travellers' cheques, letters of credit or bills of exchange, expressed or drawn in Indian currency but payable in any foreign currency; and (III) drafts, travellers' cheques, letters of credit or bills of exchange drawn by banks, institutions or persons outside India, but payable in Indian currency.



In India, all transactions that include foreign exchange were regulated by Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA), 1973.



The main objective of FERA was conservation and proper utilization of the foreign exchange resources of the country. It also sought to control certain aspects of the conduct of business outside the country by Indian companies and in India by foreign companies. It was a criminal legislation (punishable with imprisonment as per code of criminal procedure) which meant that its violation would lead to imprisonment and payment of heavy fine. It had many restrictive clauses which deterred foreign investments.



In the light of economic reforms and the liberalized scenario, FERA was replaced by a new Act called the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), 1999. The Act applies to all branches, offices and agencies outside India, owned or controlled by a person resident in India.



FEMA emerged as an investor friendly legislation which is purely a civil legislation in the sense that its violation implies only payment of monetary penalties and fines. However,under it, a person will be liable to civil imprisonment only if he does not pay the prescribed fine within 90 days from the date of notice but that too happens after formalities of show cause notice and personal hearing. FEMA also provides for a two year sunset clause for offences committed under FERA which may be taken as the transition period granted for moving from one 'harsh' law to the other 'industry friendly' legislation.





Broadly, the objectives of FEMA are:







(i) To facilitate external trade and payments; and



(ii) To promote the orderly development and maintenance of foreign exchange market.



The Act has assigned an important role to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in the administration of FEMA. The rules, regulations and norms pertaining to several sections of the Act are laid down by the Reserve Bank of India, in consultation with the Central Government. The Act requires the Central Government to appoint as many officers of the Central Government as Adjudicating Authorities for holding inquiries pertaining to contravention of the Act.



There is also a provision for appointing one or more Special Directors (Appeals) to hear appeals against the order of the Adjudicating authorities. The Central Government also establishes an Appellate Tribunal for Foreign Exchange to hear appeals against the orders of the Adjudicating Authorities and the Special Director (Appeals).



The FEMA provides for the establishment, by the Central Government, of a Director of Enforcement with a Director and such other officers or class of officers as it thinks fit for taking up for investigation of the contraventions under this Act.



The Act deals with two types of foreign exchange transactions – Capital Account Transactions and Current Account Transactions.



FEMA permits only authorized persons to deal in foreign exchange or foreign security. Such an authorized person, under the Act, means authorized dealer, money changer, off- shore banking unit or any other person for the time being authorized by Reserve Bank............

Who: Maharashtra government What: Approved 16% & 5% reservation for Marathas and Muslims, respectively When: 25th June 2014

.............. State Cabinet of Maharashtra
approved 16 percent reservation to
Maratha community and 5 percent to
Muslims in government jobs and
educational institutions on 26 June
2014. The reservation is applicable
only for non-creamy layer of these
communities and will be implemented
immediately. This decision will not
affect the existing 52 percent
reservation in the State and with this
the overall reservation has now
increased to 73 percent.
Prithviraj Chavan, the Chief Minister
of Maharashtra said that the
reservation has been granted on the basis of backwardness of the community, but not on
the lines of religion. The decision was taken on recommendations of Sachar Committee
and Ragnath Mishra Commission on social, educational and economic backwardness of
Muslims. Population of the two communities in the State has about 110 million people.
Out of this Marathas population constitutes 32 percent and Muslims population
constitutes 5 percent.
Andhra Pradesh was the first State to provide 4% reservation to Muslims in 2007 which
was later quashed down by the respectable High Court terming it is unsustainable and
violative of Article 14, 15(1) and 16 (2) of the Constitution.





 Who: Maharashtra government



What: Approved 16% & 5% reservation for Marathas and Muslims, respectively



When: 25th June 2014 .....................

What is creamy layer?

What is the creamy layer?
The creamy layer is a term used in Indian politics to refer to the
relatively wealthier and better educated members of the OBCs who are
not eligible for government sponsored educational and professional
benefit programs. So basically, the creamy layer bars the affluent
among OBCs from reservation benefit on the basis of family income.
The layer ensures that the benefits reach the deserving people, who
need them, rather than the ones who are financially and socially well
off.
How was the limit raised from Rs 4.5 laks to Rs 6 lakhs?
The limit for income was decided in 2008, according to which families
with an annual income of Rs 4.5 lakh and above cannot be allowed the
benefits.According to the previous recommendation made by the OBC
Commission, the ceiling was kept at Rs 12 lakh per annum for urban
areas and Rs 9 lakh for rural areas. Sources said this recommendation
was not financially feasible as it would have reduced the number of
people that comprise the creamy layer. So finally, a Group of Ministers
(GoM), set up to resolve the issue, recommended a uniform ceiling of
Rs 6 lakh per annum.
How will the OBCs benefit from the move?
The move would enable more persons to take advantage of reservation
benefits extended to OBCs in government services and admission to
central educational institutions.Raising the bar to Rs 6 lakh would
allow more OBCs to avail of the 27 per cent quota in jobs and
education.
Why did the government do it?
No, it is not what you are thinking (read the 2014 General Elections).
The government does have a laboriously worded statement for this.
The increase in the income limit to exclude the creamy layer is in
keeping with the increase in the Consumer Price Index."It would
enable more persons to take advantage of reservation benefits
extended to OBCs in government services and admission to central
educational institutions," a statement issued by the government said.
"This would bring about equity and greater inclusiveness in society.
The Department of Personnel and Training and the Ministry of Human
Resource Development would issue necessary orders to this effect," it
said.
So there you have it. Thanks to our government , we can look forward
to having an "inclusive" society.

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News about new job notifications:How to bifurcate APPSC & Provisions for new notifications.. Eenadu main edition 10may2014

INDIAN POLITY BY LAKSMIKANTH(4th edition highlights)

INDIAN POLITY 4TH EDITION (PAPERBACK) PRICE: RS.341
Published in the year 2013, Indian Polity For Civil Services
Examinations is a book that provides the readers with
insight into important topics that need to be understood by
students to clear the civil services examination.
Summary Of The Book
Indian Polity For Civil Services Examinations has been
designed to meet the requirements of students preparing
for civil service examinations. This book covers the entire
syllabus, which civil service aspirants need to understand.
This book has been divided into 11 parts, which include
Constitutional Framework, Central Government, System of
Government, State Government, Constitutional Bodies, Union
Territories And Special Areas, Local Government, Non-
Constitutional Bodies, Other Constitutional Dimensions,
Political Dynamics, and Working of the Constitution.
The first part of the book deals with the historical
background of the constitution, and throws light on
fundamental rights, fundamental duties, citizenship, and
features of the constitution. The second part deals with the
parliamentary system, emergency provisions, special
provision for certain states, inter-state relations, and the
current status of Jammu & Kashmir. The third part
provides insight into the central government by explaining
the roles of the President, Prime Minister, and Vice-
President. In the fourth part, students are provided detailed
information on the state government, explaining the role of
the Chief Minister, Governor, state council of ministers,
subordinate courts, and high court.
In the fifth part, the readers are provided insight into the
Panchayati Raj as well as urban local governments. The
sixth part deals with union territories, and scheduled, and
tribal areas. In the seventh part, the author throws light on
the constitutional bodies, which include the finance
commission, election commission, advocate general of the
state, special officer for linguistic minorities, national
commission for SCs, national commission for STs, and
union public service commission.
The eighth part of this book throws light on the planning
commission, national human rights commission, state
human rights commission, lokpal, and lokayuktas, central
vigilance commission, and state information commission. In
the ninth part, the readers are provided insight into public
services, anti-defection law, tribunals, and special
provisions for ST’s, Anglo-Indian’s, minorities, and BC’s.
In the tenth part, the readers are also provided insight into
national integration, foreign policy, pressure groups,
political parties, and elections. The eleventh part deals with
the national commission’s plan to examine the
constitution’s working.
In this third edition, the author also provides 7 appendices
at the end of the book. The appendices cover topics such
as table of precedence, definitions under the constitution,
constitutional amendments at a glance, subjects of union,
state, and concurrent lists, articles of the constitution, and
ministries/departments of the central government. This
edition of Indian Polity For Civil Services also comes with
updated UPSC preliminary, and main question papers as
well.
About M. Laxmikanth
M. Laxmikanth is an author, and trainer.
Apart from this book, Laxmikanth has written Governance
in India for UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination,
Indian Polity, and Public Administration.
Laxmikanth completed his master’s degree from Osmania
University in 1989. Following that, he started his own
coaching academy, Laxmikanth’s IAS. Laxmikanth has a
great deal of experience coaching civil service aspirants.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Part I
Constitutional Framework
1. Historical Background
The Company Rule (1773–1858)
The Crown Rule (1858–1947)
Notes and References
2. Making of the Constitution
Composition of the Constituent Assembly
Working of the Constituent Assembly
Committees of the Constituent Assembly
Enactment of the Constitution
Enforcement of the Constitution
Criticism of the Constituent Assembly
Notes and References
3. Salient Features of the Constitution
Introduction
Salient Features of the Constitution
Notes and References
4. Preamble of the Constitution
Text of the Preamble
Ingredients of the Preamble
Key Words in the Preamble
Significance of the Preamble
Preamble as Part of the Constitution
Amendability of the Preamble
Notes and References
5. Union and its Territory
Union of States
Parliament’s Power to Reorganise the States
Evolution of States and Union Territories
Notes and References
6. Citizenship
Meaning and Significance
Constitutional Provisions
Citizenship Act, 1955
Single Citizenship
Notes and References
7. Fundamental Rights
Features of Fundamental Rights
Definition of State
Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights
Right to Equality
Right to Freedom
Right Against Exploitation
Right to Freedom of Religion
Cultural and Educational Rights
Right to Constitutional Remedies
Writs—Types and Scope
Armed Forces and Fundamental Rights
Martial Law and Fundamental Rights
Effecting Certain Fundamental Rights
Present Position of Right to Property
Exceptions to Fundamental Right
Criticism of Fundamental Rights
Significance of Fundamental Rights
Rights Outside Part III
Notes and References
8. Directive Principles of State Policy
Features of the Directive Principles
Classification of the Directive Principles
New Directive Principles
Sanction Behind Directive Principles
Criticism of the Directive Principles
Utility of Directive Principles
Conflict Between Fundamental Rights and Directive
Principles
Implementation of Directive Principles
Directives Outside Part IV
Notes and References
9. Fundamental Duties
Swaran Singh Committee Recommendations
List of Fundamental Duties
Features of the Fundamental Duties
Criticism of Fundamental Duties
Significance of Fundamental Duties
Verma Committee Observations
Notes and References
10. Amendment of the Constitution
Procedure for Amendment
Types of Amendments
Criticism of the Amendment Procedure
Notes and References
11. Basic Structure of the Constitution
Emergence of the Basic Structure
Elements of the Basic Structure
Notes and References
Part II
System of Government
12. Parliamentary System
Features of Parliamentary Government
Features of Presidential Government
Merits of the Parliamentary System
Demerits of the Parliamentary System
Reasons for Adopting Parliamentary System
Distinction between Indian and British Models
Notes and References
13. Federal System
Federal Features of the Constitution
Unitary Features of the Constitution
Critical Evaluation of the Federal System
Notes and References
14. Centre–State Relations
Legislative Relations
Administrative Relations
Financial Relations
Trends in Centre–State Relations
Notes and References
15. Inter-State Relations
Inter-state Water Disputes
Inter-State Councils
Public Acts, Records and Judicial Proceedings
Inter-State Trade and Commerce
Zonal Councils
Notes and References
16. Emergency Provisions
National Emergency
President’s Rule
Financial Emergency
Criticism of the Emergency Provisions
Notes and References
Part III
Central Government
17. President
Election of the President
Qualifications, Oath and Conditions
Term, Impeachment and Vacancy
Powers and Functions of the President
Veto Power of the President
Ordinance-making Power of the President
Pardoning Power of the President
Constitutional Position of the President
Notes and References
18. Vice-President
Election
Qualifications
Oath or Affirmation
Conditions of Office
Term of Office
Vacancy in Office
Election Disputes
Powers and Functions
Indian and American Vice-Presidents Compared
Emoluments
Notes and References
19. Prime Minister
Appointment of the Prime Minister
Oath, Term and Salary
Powers and Functions of the Prime Minister 1
Role Descriptions
Relationship with the President
Chief Ministers who became Prime Ministers
Notes and References
20. Central Council of Ministers
Constitutional Provisions
Nature of Advice by Ministers
Appointment of Ministers
Responsibility of Ministers
Composition of the Council of Ministers
Council of Ministers Vs Cabinet
Role of Cabinet
Role Descriptions
Kitchen Cabinet
Notes and References
21. Cabinet Committees
Features of Cabinet Committees
List of Cabinet Committees
Functions of Cabinet Committees
Groups of Ministers
Notes and References
22. Parliament
Organisation of Parliament
Composition of the Two Houses
System of Elections to Lok Sabha
Duration of Two Houses
Membership of Parliament
Presiding Officers of Parliament
Leaders in Parliament
Sessions of Parliament
Devices of Parliamentary Proceedings
Legislative Procedure in Parliament
Joint Sitting of Two Houses
Budget in Parliament
Multifunctional Role of Parliament
Ineffectiveness of Parliamentary Control
Position of Rajya Sabha
Parliamentary Privileges
Sovereignty of Parliament
Notes and References
23. Parliamentary Committees
Meaning and Classification
Notes and References
24. Parliamentary Forums
Establishment of Forums
Objectives of the Forums
Composition of the Forums
Functions of the Forums
Notes and References
25. Supreme Court
Organisation of Supreme Court
Seat of Supreme Court
Procedure of the Court
Independence of Supreme Court
Jurisdiction and Powers of Supreme Court
Supreme Court Advocates
Notes and References"
Part IV
State Government
26. Governor
Appointment of Governor
Conditions of Governor’s Office
Term of Governor’s Office
Powers and Functions of Governor
Constitutional Position of Governor
Notes and References
27. Chief Minister
Appointment of Chief Minister
Oath, Term and Salary
Powers and Functions of Chief Minister
Relationship with the Governor
Notes and References
28. State Council of Ministers
Constitutional Provisions
Nature of Advice by Ministers
Appointment of Ministers
Oath and Salary of Ministers
Responsibility of Ministers
Composition of the Council of Ministers
Cabinet
Notes and References
29. State Legislature
Organisation of State Legislature
Composition of Two Houses
Duration of Two Houses
Membership of State Legislature
Presiding Officers of State Legislature
Sessions of State Legislature
Legislative Procedure in State Legislature
Position of Legislative Council
Privileges of State Legislature
Notes and References
30. High Court
Organisation of High Court
Independence of High Court
Jurisdiction and Powers of High Court
Notes and References
31. Subordinate Courts
Constitutional Provisions
Structure and Jurisdiction
Notes and Reference
32. Special Status of Jammu & K ashmir
Accession of J&K to India
Present Relationship Between J&K and India
Features of J&K Constitution
J&K Autonomy Resolution Rejected
Group of Interlocutors for J&K
Notes and References
33. Special Provisions for Some States
Provisions for Maharashtra and Gujarat
Provisions for Nagaland
Provisions for Assam and Manipur
Provisions for Andhra Pradesh
Provisions for Sikkim
Provisions for Mizoram
Provisions for Arunachal Pradesh and Goa
Provisions for Karnataka
Notes and References
Part V
Local Government
34. Panchayati Raj
Evolution of Panchayati Raj
73rd Amendment Act of 1992
Compulsory and Voluntary Provisions
Pesa Act of 1996 (Extension Act)
Notes and References
35. Municipalities
Evolution of Urban Bodies
74th Amendment Act of 1992
Types of Urban Governments
Municipal Personnel
Central Council of Local Government
Notes and References
Part VI
Union Territories and Special Areas
36. Union Territories
Creation of Union Territories
Administration of Union Territories
Special Provisions for Delhi
Advisory Committees of Union Territories
Notes and References
37. Scheduled and Tribal A reas
Administration of Scheduled Areas
Administration of Tribal Areas
Notes and References
Part VII
Constitutional Bodies
38. Eection Commission
Composition
Independence
Powers and Functions
Notes and References
39. Union Public Service Commission
Composition
Removal
Independence
Functions
Limitations
Role
Notes and References
40. State Public Service Commission
Composition
Removal
Independence
Functions
Limitations
Role
Joint State Public Service Commission
Notes and References
41. Finance Commission
Composition
Functions
Advisory Role
Impact of Planning Commission
Commissions Appointed
Notes and References
42. National Commission for SC s
Evolution of the Commission
Functions of the Commission
Report of the Commission
Powers of the Commission
Notes and References
43. National Commission for ST s
Separate Commission for STs
Functions of the Commission
Other Functions of the Commission
Report of the Commission
Powers of the Commission
Notes and References
44. Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities
Constitutional Provisions
Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities
Role
Vision and Mission
Functions and Objectives
Notes and References
45. Comptroller and Auditor General of India
Appointment and Term
Independence
Duties and Powers
Role
Cag and Corporations
Appleby’s Criticism
Notes and References
46. Attorney General of India
Appointment and Term
Duties and Functions
Rights and Limitations
Solicitor General of India
Notes and References
47. Advocate General of the State
Appointment and Term
Duties and Functions
Notes and References
Part VIII
Non-Constitutional Bodies
48. Planning Commission
Functions
Composition
Internal Organisation
Personnel
Programme Evaluation Organisation
Critical Evaluation
Notes and References
49. National Development Council
Composition
Objectives
Functions
Critical Evaluation
Notes and References
50. National Human Rights Commission
Establishment of the Human Rights Commission
Composition of the Commission
Functions of the Commission
Working of the Commission
Role of the Commission
Performance of the Commission
Human Rights (Amendment) Act,
Notes and References
51. State Human Rights Commission
Composition of the Commission
Functions of the Commission
Working of the Commission
Human Rights Courts
Notes and References
52. Central Information Commission
Composition
Tenure and Service Conditions
Powers and Functions
Notes and References
53. State Information Commission
Composition
Tenure and Service Conditions
Powers and Functions
Notes and References
54. C entral Vigilance Commission
Composition
Organisation
Functions
Jurisdiction
Working
Notes and References
55. Central Bureau of Investigation
Establishment of CBI
Motto, Mission and Vision of CBI
Organisation of CBI
Composition of CBI
Functions of CBI
CBI vs. State Police
CBI Academy
Notes and References
56. Lokpal and Lokayuktas
Global Scenario
Lokpal
Lokayuktas
Notes and References
Part IX
Other Constitutional Dimensions
57. Co-operative Societies
Constitutional Provisions
Reasons for the 97th Amendment
Notes and References
58. Official Language
Language of the Union
Regional Languages
Language of the Judiciary and Texts of Laws
Special Directives
Notes and References
59. Public Services
Classification of Services
Constitutional Provisions
Notes and References
60. Tribunals
Administrative Tribunals
Tribunals for Other Matters
Notes and References
61. Rights and Liabilities of the Government
Property of the Union and the States
Suits by or Against the Government
Suits Against Public Officials
Notes and References
62. Authoritative Text of the Constitution in Hindi L
anguage
Constitutional Provisions
Reasons for the 58th Amendment
Notes and References
63. Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes
Rationale of Special Provisions
Specification of Classes
Components of Special Provisions
Notes and References
Part X
Political Dynamics
64. Political Parties
Meaning and Types
Party System in India
Recognition of National and State Parties
Notes and References
65. Elections
Electoral System
Election Machinery
Election Process
Notes and References
66. Electoral Reforms
Committees Related to Electoral Reforms
Electoral Reforms Before 1996
Electoral Reforms of 1996
Electoral Reforms After 1996
Electoral Reforms Since 2010
Notes and References
67. Anti-Defection Law
Provisions of the Act
Evaluation of the Act
91st Amendment Act (2003)
Notes and References
68. Pressure Groups
Meaning and Techniques
Pressure Groups in India
Notes and References
69. National Integration
Meaning of National Integration
Obstacles to National Integration
National Integration Council
National Foundation for Communal Harmony
Notes and References
70. Foreign Policy
Principles of Indian Foreign Policy
Objectives of Indian Foreign Policy
Look East Policy of India
Gujral Doctrine of India
Nuclear Doctrine of India
Notes and References
Part XI
Working of the Constitution
71. National Commission to Review the Working of the
Constitution
Terms of Reference of the Commission
Fifty Years of Working of the Constitution
Areas of Concern: Commission’s Perception
Recommendations of the Commission
Notes and References
SPECIFICATIONS OF IND

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